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1. A simple method for synthesis of organotin species to investigate extraction procedures in sediments by isotope dilution-gas chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Sunil J. Kumar, Solomon Tesfalidet, James P. Snell, Dong Nguyen Van and Wolfgang Frech

Abstract:
A rapid method for the synthesis of phenyltin species based on the phenylation of tin iodide was developed and a standard of 124Sn, enriched monophenyltin (MPhT), diphenyltin (DPhT) and triphenyltin (TPhT) was produced. Isotope enriched species were added to and equilibrated with the certified reference material BCR 646 to evaluate different extraction procedures currently in use for the determination of organic tin species in sediments. Samples were measured by gas chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (GC-ICP-MS) with species specific isotope dilution (SSID) calibration. For TPhT measurement results agreed with the certified values for extraction methods using tropolone in diethyl ether alone or in the presence of NaCl and HCl as well as with 50% HBr. However, with 50% HBr, concentrations obtained for DPhT and MPhT were above the upper limit (2 ) of the certification. The stability of phenyltin species was studied by comparing their signal magnitudes in spike solutions generated directly after derivatisation with those obtained after applying the extraction–derivatisation procedures. Degradation of phenyltin species was matrix dependent and appeared for most of the extraction methods investigated. For water standards and BCR 646, extraction with methanol combined with dichloromethane or methanol combined with acetic acid gave no degradation when applied with less than 20 min ultrasonication. Extraction efficiencies for these two methods were however low for the BCR 646 matrix, in particular for DPhT and MPhT.

2. Preparation, preservation and application of pure isotope-enriched phenyltin species
Dong Nguyen Van1, Siva Rama Krishna Muppala1, Wolfgang Frech1 and Solomon Tesfalidet1

Abstract:
A method combining liquid/liquid extraction and chromatographic fractionation has been developed for the preparation of pure monophenyltin (MPhT), diphenyltin (DPhT), and triphenyltin (TPhT), synthesized from isotope-enriched Sn metal using phenylation of SnI4 in diethylether (DEE) followed by quenching with HBr and water. After two successive extractions of the aqueous HBr phase with DEE, >99% of both DPhT and TPhT was recovered in the combined DEE phase and 94% of the MPhT remained in the aqueous phase. The MPhT in the aqueous phase was extracted into dichloromethane. The organic phases were vaporized and the PhTs were redissolved in MeOH/water/acetic acid/sodium acetate (59/30/6/8, v/v/v/w), which was also used as storing solution. Aliquots of the two solutions containing either DPhT and TPhT or MPhT were injected into a silica-based C18 column for isolating and purifying single species. The yields of pure MPhT, DPhT, and TPhT, each synthesized from isotope-enriched 118Sn metal, 122Sn metal, and 124Sn metal, were better than 99%. After chromatographic separation, the single phenyltin compounds were mixed to prepare a spike for multiple-isotope species-specific isotope dilution (MI-SSID). MI-SSID was successfully used to determine phenyltin compounds in the certified reference material, mussel tissue BCR CRM-477. At −20 °C, all of the fractionated phenyltin species were stable in the storage solution for at least 197 days. When these standards were stored at 4 °C or 22 °C, 4–6% of the DPhT and TPhT degraded within 27 days. The degradation of DPhT and TPhT increased with the ionic strength and acidity of the storage solution.


Keywords: Chromatographic fractionation - Phenyltin speciation - Multi-isotope species-specific isotope dilution - Production of phenyltin species - Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

3. Speciation analysis of butyl- and phenyltin compounds in environmental samples by GC separation and atomic spectrometric detection

Abstract:
The main goal of the work presented in this thesis is to improve the reliability of existing methods for speciation analysis of organotin compounds

Species-specific isotope dilution (SSID) calibration in combination with gas chromatography – inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to investigate the transformation of phenyltin species during sample preparation. Isotope-enriched phenyltin species were synthesized from corresponding isotope-enriched tin metals. SSID with a mixture of phenyltin species (PhTs) from one isotope was used to evaluate different extraction procedures for the determination of PhTs in fresh water sediment. Preparative liquid chromatography was used to produce single isotope-enriched phenyltin species making a multi-isotope spike (MI) SSID calibration possible. Different extraction procedures for the analysis of phenyltin species in biological samples were evaluated by applying MI-SSID. Degradation of TPhT and DPhT during sample extraction was observed and quantified. Accurate results were therefore obtained. A sample preparation procedure using mild extraction conditions with reasonable recoveries is described.

The stability of organotin standards was investigated under different storage conditions. Mono- and diphenyltin were found to be redistributed and degraded during storage in methanol but were stabilized in sodium acetate/ acetic acid. A fast redistribution between monobutyl- and diphenyl tin has been observed and therefore it is therefore recommended that standards be derivatized as soon as possible after butyl- and phenyltin standards are mixed.

Included in the thesis is also an investigation of the analytical potential of using instrumentation based on atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) for speciation analysis of organotin compounds. The method was based on gas chromatographic separation, atomization in a quartz tube and detection by line source (LS) AAS and for comparison, by state of the art continuum source (CS) AAS. Analytical performances of CSAAS system were found to be better compared to LSAAS.

http://www.diva-portal.org/umu/these...id=892&lang=sv

4. Redistribution reactions of butyl- and phenyltin species during storage in methanol

Dong Nguyen Van, Richard Lindberg and Wolfgang Frech

Abstract:
The stability of organotin species, which are frequently used as standards, in methanol has been investigated by gas chromatography coupled to either quartz furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry or mass spectrometry. Ethylation with sodium tetraethylborate was used during sample preparation. The species composition of single or mixed standard solutions at a concentration of 10 µg g–1 was investigated after storing at –20 °C, +4 °C and +22 °C for various time periods. All butyltin species (monobutyltin—MBT, dibutyltin—DBT and tributyltin—TBT) were found to be stable for all storage conditions, even when mixed. The single triphenyltin (TPhT) standard was also stable, whereas mono-and diphenyltin (MPhT; DPhT) were unstable. MPhT redistributed to DPhT and inorganic tin (IOT), while DPhT redistributed to MPhT and to a minor extent to TPhT. In a mixture containing MBT, DBT, TBT, MPhT, DPhT and TPhT, besides the above mentioned reactions, DPhT was found to react strongly with MBT forming up to 73% monobutyl-monophenyltin (MBMPhT) and MPhT. The composition of MBMPhT was investigated by GC-MS. Suggestions for the type of reactions leading to the redistribution of OT species are outlined and suggestions on how to prepare stable OT standards are made.

5. A comparison between continuum- and line source AAS for speciation analysis of butyl- and phenyltin compounds

Dong Nguyen Van, Bernard Radziuk and Wolfgang Frech

Abstract:
The analytical potential of using instrumentation based on AAS for speciation analysis was investigated. Organic tin (OT) species were determined following gas chromatographic (GC) separation, atomization in a quartz tube (QT) and detection by line source AAS (LSAAS) and, for comparison, by state of the art continuum source AAS (CSAAS). For an unbiased comparison of the AAS instruments, their working conditions were individually optimized. For CSAAS, the linear range was limited by the GC column capacity (10–1600 ng g–1) and for LSAAS this range was limited by stray radiation (20–1000 ng g–1). With background correction, the instrumental LODs for OT were 6–22 pg as tin for CSAAS, while for LSAAS corresponding values were five to ten times poorer. Without background correction, the LOD of CSAAS was twice as good as that of LSAAS. For method validation, two certified reference materials, Harbour Sediment BCR-646 and Oyster Tissue BCR-710, were analysed.